A circuit powered from an automotive electrical system must survive in a harsh environment. Voltage transients can be either random or repetitive. Repetitive transients, such as a cranking the engine, ...

Electric utility engineers designing new transmission and distribution (T&D) systems and evaluating existing systems have relied on sophisticated software programs that can simulate transients. Now ...

Damage from transient overvoltages is one of the leading causes of equipment failure. Although some pieces of equipment may come equipped with transient protection, others will need some form of ...

Several types of devices are employed in electronic systems to protect against voltage transients, power surges, and excessive voltage or current. Varistors is one of those devices that protect ...

The rate of transient occurrences varies with every power system. Recent studies show that surges of 1kV or less are common — whereas 3kV surges are rare. Protecting against more frequent (internally ...

Designing automotive electronics presents numerous technical challenges, including the need to protect against electrical hazards under the hood and in the cabin. The three major sources of electrical ...

Reference [1] describes a process for the design of lightning protection that transforms the transient experienced by the components during the lightning test transient into the reference transients ...

Circuit breakers are manual switches that open under overload conditions. Circuit breakers discussed here are general-purpose types that meet the minimum Underwriters' Laboratories Inc. (UL) standards ...